How dusty was the last glacial maximum over Europe?

Our study focuses on European loess sequences, particularly the eolian intervals in between observed pedogenic units. The classical concept of soil formation from parent material is reformulated to estimate duration and associated sedimentation rate (SR) mass accumulation (MAR) these paleodust intervals. We show that Greenland Stadial (GS) deposits includes thickness overlying unit, which fact developed downward into upper part unit. lower stratigraphical limit unit corresponds restart dust younger GS. illustrate this interpretation first by computing both SRs MARs for Nussloch key sequence, most complete series. correlation other located along a 1800 km longitudinal transect, allows computation SR MAR several identified GS events. Comparing marine ice core records, our shows two last Bond cycles are preserved every record. Bulk estimated compared cycles, showing highest western Europe. These indices also indicate stadials, embedding an Henrich event, were not dustiest cycle. differ previously published computations, did take account various units present studied sequences. bulk estimates computed Cycles Chinese sequences Loess Plateau atmospheric than Europe during Last Glacial Maximum. fine-grained records fit with Earth System model reconstructions.